Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Race

Level in a taxonomic bureaucracy

The major ranks: domain, kingdom, phylum, course, order, family, genus, and species, applied to the red trick, Vulpes vulpes.

In biological nomenclature, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, guild, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.

A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above information technology, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from mutual ancestors. The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a detail organism, it is ordinarily not necessary to specify ranks other than these kickoff 2.^[1]

Consider a item species, the red pull a fast one on, Vulpes vulpes: the next rank in a higher place, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the "true" foxes. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family unit Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the adjacent higher rank, the guild Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned in a higher place), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Carnivorans are one group of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia, which are classified amidst animals with backbones in the phylum Chordata, and with them among all animals in the kingdom Animalia. Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya.

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic bureaucracy (e.thou. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)."^[ii]

Main ranks [edit]

In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, gild, genus, species, and ane rank beneath species. Today, nomenclature is regulated past the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or sectionalisation, class, guild, family, genus, species. In addition, domain (proposed past Carl Woese) is at present widely used equally a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.^{[iii] [four]}

Main taxonomic ranks

Latin	English
regio	domain
regnum	kingdom
phylum	phylum (in zoology) / division (in botany)
classis	class
ordo	order
familia	family
genus	genus
species	species

A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal proper noun. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species proper noun it is assigned to a genus, and the genus name is part of the species proper name.

The species name is besides chosen a binomial, that is, a 2-term proper noun. For example, the zoological name for the human being species is Homo sapiens. This is normally italicized in print, or underlined when italics are not available. In this case, Human is the generic proper noun and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and it is non capitalized.

Ranks in zoology [edit]

There are definitions of the post-obit taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family unit, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies.

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions the post-obit ranks for these categories:

---

Superfamily

Family unit

Subfamily

Tribe

Subtribe

---

Genus

Subgenus

---

Species

Subspecies

---

The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. Among "genus-group names" and "species-group names" no further ranks are officially allowed. Zoologists sometimes utilise boosted terms such equally species group, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies for convenience equally extra, only unofficial, ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species, e.grand. the genus Drosophila. (Note the potentially confusing use of "species group" as both a category of ranks also as an unofficial rank itself.^{[ citation needed ]})

At higher ranks (family and above) a lower level may be denoted by calculation the prefix "infra", pregnant lower, to the rank. For example, infraorder (below suborder) or infrafamily (below subfamily).

Names of zoological taxa [edit]

• A taxon higher up the rank of species has a scientific name in one part (a uninominal proper name).
• A species has a name composed of 2 parts (a binomial proper name or binomen): generic name + specific name; for example Canis lupus.
• A subspecies has a proper noun composed of three parts (a trinomial proper noun or trinomen): generic proper noun + specific name + subspecific name; for example Canis lupus italicus. As at that place is only one possible rank below that of species, no connecting term to indicate rank is needed or used.

Ranks in phytology [edit]

According to Art 3.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. According to Art 4.1 the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, variety and form. At that place is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICN explicitly mentions:^[5]

---

primary ranks

secondary ranks

further ranks

---

kingdom (regnum)

subregnum

partitioning or phylum (divisio, phylum)

subdivisio or subphylum

class (classis)

subclassis

order (ordo)

subordo

---

family (familia)

subfamilia

tribe (tribus)

subtribus

genus (genus)

subgenus

section (sectio)

subsection

series (series)

subseries

species (species)

subspecies

variety (varietas)

subvarietas

form (forma)

subforma

---

In that location are definitions of the following taxonomic categories in the International Code of Classification for Cultivated Plants: cultivar group, cultivar, grex.

The rules in the ICN utilise primarily to the ranks of family unit and below, and only to some extent to those to a higher place the rank of family. Also come across descriptive botanical name.

Names of botanical taxa [edit]

Taxa at the rank of genus and above accept a botanical proper name in one part (unitary name); those at the rank of species and higher up (but beneath genus) have a botanical name in two parts (binary proper noun); all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific proper name). To point the rank of the infraspecific proper noun, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, where "subsp." is an abbreviation for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda.^[6]

Hybrids can exist specified either by a "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a proper noun. For hybrids receiving a hybrid name, the same ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bastard'), with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank.^[7]

Outdated names for botanical ranks [edit]

If a different term for the rank was used in an sometime publication, but the intention is clear, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions:^{[ commendation needed ]}

• If names were "intended as names of orders, only published with their rank denoted by a term such as": "cohors" [Latin for "accomplice";^[eight] see too cohort study for the apply of the term in environmental], "nixus", "brotherhood", or "Reihe" instead of "society" (Article 17.two), they are treated as names of orders.
• "Family unit" is substituted for "order" (ordo) or "natural lodge" (ordo naturalis) under certain conditions where the mod significant of "social club" was not intended. (Article eighteen.2)
• "Subfamily is substituted for "suborder" (subordo) under certain atmospheric condition where the modern pregnant of "suborder" was not intended. (Commodity 19.two)
• In a publication prior to 1 Jan 1890, if only i infraspecific rank is used, information technology is considered to be that of variety. (Article 37.iv) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek letters, α, β, γ, ...

Examples [edit]

Classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a option of minor ranks are given as well.

Table notes

• In order to proceed the tabular array compact and avoid disputed technicalities, some common and uncommon intermediate ranks are omitted. For example, the mammals of Europe, Africa, and upper N America^[a] are in class Mammalia, legion Cladotheria, sublegion Zatheria, infralegion Tribosphenida, subclass Theria, clade Eutheria, clade Placentalia – merely only Mammalia and Theria are in the tabular array. Legitimate arguments might arise if the commonly used clades Eutheria and Placentalia were both included, over which is the rank "infraclass" and what the other's rank should be, or whether the ii names are synonyms.
• The ranks of higher taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are decumbent to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. For example, the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division (Magnoliophyta) to a subclass (Magnoliidae), and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants.^[9] The traditional classification of primates (course Mammalia, subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, club Primates) has been modified by new classifications such every bit McKenna and Bong (grade Mammalia, subclass Theriformes, infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the lodge Primates. See mammal classification for a word. These differences ascend because there are few bachelor ranks and many branching points in the fossil record.
• Within species farther units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for example, Man sapiens sapiens, modernistic humans) or morphs (for case Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the pied raven). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for case, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar name (for case, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by strains (for example Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning).

Terminations of names [edit]

Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and class) every bit ready out in the tabular array beneath.

Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized. More Latinate pronunciations are also common, peculiarly rather than for stressed a.

Rank	Leaner[10]	Plants	Algae	Fungi	Animals	Viruses[11]
Division/phylum		-ophyta[12]		-mycota		-viricota
Subdivision/subphylum		-phytina[12]		-mycotina		-viricotina
Grade	-ia	-opsida	-phyceae	-mycetes		-viricetes
Bracket	-idae		-phycidae	-mycetidae		-viricetidae
Superorder		-anae
Guild	-ales				-ida or -iformes	-virales
Suborder	-ineae					-virineae
Infraorder		-aria
Superfamily		-acea			-oidea
Epifamily					-oidae
Family	-aceae				-idae	-viridae
Subfamily	-oideae				-inae	-virineae
Infrafamily					-odd [thirteen]
Tribe	-eae				-ini
Subtribe	-inae				-ina
Infratribe					-advertizing or -iti

Table notes

• In phytology and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard ending. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, is named after the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family are also formed from a generic name, or are descriptive (like Gymnospermae or Fungi).
• For animals, at that place are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily.^[fourteen] Uniform suffix has been suggested (but not recommended) in AAAS^[fifteen] equally -ida for orders, for example; protozoologists seem to prefer this organization. Many metazoan (college animals) orders likewise have such suffix, eastward.g. Hyolithida and Nectaspida (Naraoiida).
• Forming a name based on a generic name may be non straightforward. For example, the homo has the genitive hominis , thus the genus Homo (human) is in the Hominidae, not "Homidae".
• The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall below the rank of superfamily, they are non regulated nether the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do not have formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, merely breezy.^[16]
• In virology, the formal endings for taxa of viroids and of satellite nucleic acids are similar to viruses, only -vir- is replaced by -viroid-, -satellit-.^[11]

All ranks [edit]

There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at volition, at any time, if they experience this is necessary. In doing and so, there are some restrictions, which volition vary with the classification lawmaking which applies.

The following is an bogus synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but come across notes), from most general to near specific:^[17]

• Domain or Empire
  • Subdomain (biology)
• Realm (in virology)^[11]
  • Subrealm (in virology)^[11]
• Hyperkingdom
  • Superkingdom
    • Kingdom
      • Subkingdom
        • Infrakingdom
          • Parvkingdom
• Superphylum, or superdivision (in botany)
  • Phylum, or partitioning (in botany)
    • Subphylum, or subdivision (in phytology)
      • Infraphylum, or infradivision (in botany)
        • Microphylum
• Superclass
  • Grade
    • Subclass
      • Infraclass
        • Subterclass
          • Parvclass
• Superdivision (in zoology)^[eighteen]
  • Division (in zoology)^[18]
    • Subdivision (in zoology)^[18]
      • Infradivision (in zoology)^[18]
• Superlegion (in zoology)
  • Legion (in zoology)
    • Sublegion (in zoology)
      • Infralegion (in zoology)
• Supercohort (in zoology)^[nineteen]
  • Cohort (in zoology)^[19]
    • Subcohort (in zoology)^[19]
      • Infracohort (in zoology)^[xix]
• Gigaorder (in zoology)^[20]
  • Magnorder or megaorder (in zoology)^[20]
    • Grandorder or capaxorder (in zoology)^[20]
      • Mirorder or hyperorder (in zoology)^[20]
        • Superorder
          • Serial (for fish)
            • Lodge
              • Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
                • Nanorder (in zoology)
                  • Hypoorder (in zoology)
                    • Minorder (in zoology)
                      • Suborder
                        • Infraorder
                          • Parvorder (usual position), or microorder (in zoology)^[20]
• Department (in zoology)
  • Subsection (in zoology)
• Gigafamily (in zoology)
  • Megafamily (in zoology)
    • Grandfamily (in zoology)
      • Hyperfamily (in zoology)
        • Superfamily
          • Epifamily (in zoology)
            • Series (for Lepidoptera)
              • Group (for Lepidoptera)
                • Family
                  • Subfamily
                    • Infrafamily
• Supertribe
  • Tribe
    • Subtribe
      • Infratribe
• Supergenus
  • Genus
    • Subgenus
      • Section (in phytology)
        • Subsection (in botany)
          • Series (in botany)
            • Subseries (in phytology)
• Superspecies or Species-group
  • Species
    • Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for bacteria)^[21])
      • Variety or varietas (in phytology); or class or morph (in zoology) or aberration (in lepidopterology)
        • Subvariety (in botany)
          • Grade or forma (in botany)
            • Subform (in botany)

Significance and problems [edit]

Ranks are assigned based on subjective contrast, and exercise not fully reflect the gradational nature of variation within nature. In most cases, college taxonomic groupings arise further back in time: not considering the rate of diversification was higher in the by, only because each subsequent diversification event results in an increase of diversity and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned past present-solar day taxonomists.^[22] Furthermore, some groups take many described species non because they are more diverse than other species, but considering they are more easily sampled and studied than other groups.^{[ citation needed ]}

Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may non be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply divers. It varies from case to example. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is non a requirement.^{[ citation needed ]}

A classification in which all taxa have formal ranks cannot adequately reflect knowledge most phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avert this problem.^{[23] [24]} The theoretical difficulty with superimposing taxonomic ranks over evolutionary copse is manifested as the boundary paradox which may be illustrated by Darwinian evolutionary models.

There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other college taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level).^{[25] [26]} It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, not-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information bachelor to them. As ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (east.thou., it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some way evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks).^[26] For animals, at least the phylum rank is usually associated with a certain body plan, which is besides, withal, an arbitrary criterion.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mnemonic [edit]

There are several acronyms intended to assist memorise the taxonomic hierarchy, such every bit "King Phillip came over for great spaghetti". See taxonomy mnemonic.

Encounter too [edit]

• Brood
• Catalogue of Life (a database)
• Cladistics
• Landrace
• Tree of life (biology)

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ The Virginia opossum is an exception.

References [edit]

1. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Manufactures two and 3.
2. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Lawmaking of Zoological Nomenclature. Quaternary Edition, International Trust for Zoological Classification
3. ^ Moore, R. T. (1974). "Proposal for the recognition of super ranks" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (4): 650–652. doi:x.2307/1218807. JSTOR 1218807.
4. ^ Luketa, S. (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (4): 218–237.
5. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles iii and 4.
6. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles iv.2 and 24.1.
7. ^ "International Code of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Lawmaking". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Article 3.ii, and Appendix 1, Articles H.1–3.
8. ^ Stearn, W.T. 1992. Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition. David and Charles.
9. ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. (2009), "A phylogenetic nomenclature of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Periodical of the Linnean Society, 161 (two): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.ten
10. ^ Euzéby, J. P. (1997). "Listing of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet (xiii Dec. 2007 version)". International Periodical of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 47 (2): 590–592. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-two-590. PMID 9103655.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "ICTV Code. Department three.Four, § 3.23; department 3.V, §§ three.27-3.28." International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Oct 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
12. ^ ^{a b} "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2018. Article 16.
13. ^ For case, the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) and Baenodd (ibid., 176).
14. ^ ICZN article 29.2
15. ^ Pearse, A.S. (1936) Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Scientific discipline. American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. iv
16. ^ As supplied past Gaffney & Meylan (1988).
17. ^ For the general usage and coordination of zoological ranks between the phylum and family unit levels, including many intercalary ranks, meet Carroll (1988). For additional intercalary ranks in zoology, run into specially Gaffney & Meylan (1988); McKenna & Bell (1997); Milner (1988); Novacek (1986, cit. in Carroll 1988: 499, 629); and Paul Sereno's 1986 classification of ornithischian dinosaurs every bit reported in Lambert (1990: 149, 159). For botanical ranks, including many intercalary ranks, run into Willis & McElwain (2002).
18. ^ ^{a b c d} These are movable ranks, virtually oft inserted between the class and the legion or cohort. Withal, their positioning in the zoological bureaucracy may be subject to wide variation. For examples, see the Benton nomenclature of vertebrates (2005).
19. ^ ^{a b c d} In zoological classification, the cohort and its associated group of ranks are inserted between the class group and the ordinal group. The accomplice has likewise been used between infraorder and family in saurischian dinosaurs (Benton 2005). In botanical classification, the cohort group has sometimes been inserted betwixt the division (phylum) grouping and the grade group: see Willis & McElwain (2002: 100–101), or has sometimes been used at the rank of society, and is now considered to be an obsolete name for order: See International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code 2012, Article 17.2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e} The supra-ordinal sequence gigaorder–megaorder–capaxorder–hyperorder (and the microorder, in roughly the position most often assigned to the parvorder) has been employed in turtles at least (Gaffney & Meylan 1988), while the parallel sequence magnorder–grandorder–mirorder figures in recently influential classifications of mammals. Information technology is unclear from the sources how these two sequences are to be coordinated (or interwoven) within a unitary zoological hierarchy of ranks. Previously, Novacek (1986) and McKenna-Bell (1997) had inserted mirorders and grandorders betwixt the order and superorder, but Benton (2005) now positions both of these ranks above the superorder.
21. ^ Additionally, the terms biovar, morphovar, phagovar, and serovar designate bacterial strains (genetic variants) that are physiologically or biochemically distinctive. These are non taxonomic ranks, but are groupings of various sorts which may ascertain a bacterial subspecies.
22. ^ Gingerich, P. D. (1987). "Development and the fossil tape: patterns, rates, and processes". Canadian Periodical of Zoology. 65 (5): 1053–1060. doi:10.1139/z87-169.
23. ^ Kluge, North.J. (1999). "A organisation of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics". Entomological Review. 79 (two): 133–147.
24. ^ Kluge, N.J. (2010). "Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda". Bionomina. one (one): 15–55. doi:10.11646/bionomina.1.ane.three.
25. ^ Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Information. 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, p. 175.
26. ^ ^{a b} Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, K.J. (2003). Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, pp. 26–27.

Bibliography [edit]

• Croizat, Leon (January 1945). "History and Nomenclature of the Higher Units of Classification". Message of the Torrey Botanical Club. 72 (one): 52–75. doi:10.2307/2481265. JSTOR 2481265.
• Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-viii
• Brummitt, R.1000., and C.E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0-947643-44-3
• Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7
• Gaffney, Eugene S., and Peter A. Meylan. 1988. "A phylogeny of turtles". In 1000.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Book ane: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 157–219. Oxford: Clarendon Printing.
• Haris Abba Kabara. 2001. Karmos manus volume for botanical names.
• Lambert, David. 1990. Dinosaur Data Book. Oxford: Facts on File & British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-8160-2431-6
• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Susan 1000. Bell (editors). 1997. Nomenclature of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia Academy Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-eight
• Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians". In Yard.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume i: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Novacek, Michael J. 1986. "The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 183: 1–112.
• Sereno, Paul C. 1986. "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Inquiry two: 234–56.
• Willis, Yard.J., and J.C. McElwain. 2002. The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University Printing. ISBN 0-19-850065-three

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank

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